Search results | Digital Commons of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

Title: Stray light correction of the marine optical system,
Description: The Marine Optical System is a spectrograph-based sensor used on the Marine Optical Buoy for the vicarious calibration of ocean color satellite sensors. It is also deployed from ships in instruments used to develop bio-optical algorithms that relate the optical properties of the ocean to its biological content. In this work, an algorithm is applied to correct the response of the Marine Optical System for scattered, or improperly imaged, light in the system. The algorithm, based on the measured response of the system to a series of monochromatic excitation sources, reduces the effects of scattered light on the measured source by one to two orders of magnitude. Implications for the vicarious calibration of satellite ocean color sensors and the development of bio-optical algorithms are described. The algorithm is a one-dimensional point spread correction algorithm, generally applicable to nonimaging sensors, but can in principle be extended to higher dimensions for imaging systems. © 2009 American Meteorological Society., Cited By (since 1996):6, Oceanography, CODEN: JAOTE, , , Downloaded from: journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.../2008JTECHO597.1 (16 June 2014).
Author: Feinholz, Flora, Yarbrough, Lykke, Brown, Johnson, Clark
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: The Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) radiometric calibration and uncertainty budget for ocean color satellite sensor vicarious calibration,
Description: For the past decade, the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY), an autonomous radiometric buoy stationed in the waters off Lanai, Hawaii, has been the primary in-water oceanic observatory for the vicarious calibration of U. S. satellite ocean color sensors, including the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) instruments on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Terra and Aqua satellites. The MOBY vicarious calibration of these sensors supports international efforts to develop a global, multi-year time series of consistently calibrated ocean color data products. A critical component of the MOBY program is establishing radiometric traceability to the International System of Units (SI) through standards provided by the U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A detailed uncertainty budget is a core component of traceable metrology. We present the MOBY uncertainty budget for up-welling radiance and discuss approaches in new instrumentation to reduce the uncertainties in in situ water-leaving radiance measurements., Cited By (since 1996):10, Oceanography, Art. No.: 67441M, CODEN: PSISD, ,
Author: Brown, Flora, Feinholz, Yarbrough, Houlihan, Peters, Yong, Mueller, Johnson, Clark
Date: 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Radiometric characterization and absolute calibration of the Marine Optical System (MOS) Bench Unit,
Description: The Marine Optical System (MOS) is a dual charge-coupled device (CCD)-based spectrograph system developed for in-water measurements of downwelling solar irradiance E d and upwelling radiance L u. These measurements are currently used in the calibration and validation of satellite ocean color measurement instruments such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of view Sensor (SeaWiFS). MOS was designed to be deployed from a ship for single measurements and also integrated into the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) for longer time series datasets. Measurements with the two spectrographs in the MOS systems can be compared in the spectral interval from about 580 to 630 nm. In this spectral range, they give different values for L u or E d at a common wavelength. To better understand the origin of this observation and the sources of uncertainty in the calibration of MOBY, an MOS bench unit was developed for detailed radiometric characterization and calibration measurements in a laboratory setting. In the work reported here, a novel calibration approach is described that uses a tunable laser-based, monochromatic, spatially uniform. Lambertian, large area integrating sphere source (ISS). Results are compared with those obtained by a conventional approach using a lamp-illuminated ISS. Differences in the MOS bench unit responsivity between the two calibration approaches were observed and attributed to stray light. A simple correction algorithm was developed for the lamp-illuminated ISS that greatly improves the agreement between the two techniques. Implications for water-leaving radiance measurements by MOS are discussed., Cited By (since 1996):2, CODEN: JAOTE, , , Downloaded from: journals.ametsoc.org/ (13 June 2014).
Author: Habauzit, Brown, Lykke, Johnson, Feinholz, Yarbrough, Clark
Date: 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). I. Microplankton community abundances and biomass,
Description: During the IronEx II experiment in the eastern equatorial Pacific (May to June 1995), the response of the microplankton community to mesoscale iron fertilization was followed using a combination of marker-pigment, microscopical and flow cytometric techniques. Phytoplankton standing stock bloomed dramatically over a period of 6 d following 3 iron additions of 2 and 1 nM, respectively. Carbon biomass in the patch increased by a factor of 4, chlorophyll a by about a factor of 16 and diatoms by > 70-fold relative to contemporaneous levels in the ambient community. The bloom then plateaued sharply and remained at a more or less constant level for 4 d, despite the addition of more iron (1 nM) and physiological indices (low C:chl a ratio and elevated photochemical quantum efficiency) suggesting that the cells were healthy and growing rapidly. Relatively large pennate diatoms (Nitzschia spp., median length 20 to 24 μm) dominated the patch bloom, with smaller pennate species and centric diatoms declining in relative importance. Heterotrophic bacteria increased at a slow rate (0.08 d -1) for > 10 d during the experiment, as did heterotrophic nanoflagellates. There were also indications of enhanced cell size, cellular pigment content and possibly growth rates of small phytoplankton. Nonetheless, little difference was observed between the ambient community and the peak patch bloom with respect to the size composition of auto- and heterotrophic populations < 10 μm in cell size. The relative constancy of the smaller size fractions, the sharp curtailment of net growth of the bloom after 6 d, and > 3-fold increase in large heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates suggest that protistan grazers may have played an active role in controlling the phytoplankton response to increased iron availability., , , ,
Author: Landry, Ondrusek, Tanner, Brown, Constantinou, Bidigare, Coale, Fitzwater
Date: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: An acoustic harassment technique to reduce seal predation on salmon
Author: Mate, Brown, Greenlaw, Harvey, Temte, Mate, Harvey
Date: 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Initiation of long-term coupled microbiological, geochemical, and hydrological experimentation within the seafloor at North Pond, western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Description: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 336 successfully initiated subseafloor observatory science at a young mid-ocean-ridge flank setting. All of the drilled sites are located in the North Pond region of the Atlantic Ocean (22°45'N, 46°05'W) in 4414-4483 m water depth. This area is known from previous ocean drilling and site survey investigations as a site of particularly vigorous circulation of seawater in permeable 8 Ma basaltic basement underlying a <300 m thick sedimentary pile. Understanding how this seawater circulation affects microbial and geochemical processes in the uppermost basement was the primary science objective of Expedition 336. Basement was cored and wireline-logged in Holes U1382A and U1383C. Upper oceanic crust in Hole U1382A, which is only 50 m west of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 395A, recovered 32 m of core between 110 and 210 meters below seafloor (mbsf). Core recovery in basement was 32%, yielding a number of volcanic flow units with distinct geochemical and petrographic characteristics. A unit of sedimentary breccia containing clasts of basalt, gabbroic rocks, and mantle peridotite was found intercalated between two volcanic flow units and was interpreted as a rock slide deposit. From Hole U1383C we recovered 50.3 m of core between 69.5 and 331.5 mbsf (19%). The basalts are aphyric to highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric tholeiites that fall on a liquid line of descent controlled by olivine fractionation. They are fresh to moderately altered, with clay minerals (saponite, nontronite, and celadonite), Fe oxyhydroxide, carbonate, and zeolite as secondary phases replacing glass and olivine to variable extents. In addition to traditional downhole logs, we also used a new logging tool for detecting in situ microbial life in ocean floor boreholes-the Deep Exploration Biosphere Investigative tool (DEBI-t). Sediment thickness was ∼90 m at Sites U1382 and U1384 and varied between 38 and 53 m at Site U1383. The sediments are predominantly nannofossil ooze with layers of coarse foraminiferal sand and occasional pebble-size clasts of basalt, serpentinite, gabbroic rocks, and bivalve debris. The bottommost meters of sections cored with the advanced piston corer feature brown clay. Extended core barrel coring at the sediment/basement interface recovered <1 m of brecciated basalt with micritic limestone. Sediments were intensely sampled for geochemical pore water analyses and microbiological work. In addition, high-resolution measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration were performed on the whole-round sediment cores. Major strides in ridge-flank studies have been made with subseafloor borehole observatories (CORKs) because they facilitate combined hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological studies and controlled experimentation in the subseafloor. During Expedition 336, two fully functional observatories were installed in two newly drilled holes (U1382A and U1383C) and an instrument and sampling string were placed in an existing hole (395A). Although the CORK wellhead in Hole 395A broke off and Hole U1383B was abandoned after a bit failure, these holes and installations are intended for future observatory science targets. The CORK observatory in Hole U1382A has a packer seal in the bottom of the casing and monitors/samples a single zone in uppermost oceanic crust extending from 90 to 210 mbsf. Hole U1383C was equipped with a three-level CORK observatory that spans a zone of thin basalt flows with intercalated limestone (∼70-146 mbsf), a zone of glassy, thin basaltic flows and hyaloclastites (146-200 mbsf), and a lowermost zone (∼200-331.5 mbsf) of more massive pillow flows with occasional hyaloclastites in the upper part.
Author: Edwards, Backert, Bach, Becker, Klaus, Griffin, Anderson, Haddad, Harigane, Campion, Hirayama, Mills, Hulme, Nakamura, Jørgensen, Orcutt, Insua, Park, Rennie, Salas, Rouxel, Wang, Russel, Wheat, Sakata, Brown, Magnusson, Ettlinger
Date: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Ocean optics protocols for satellite ocean color semsor validation, revision 4, Volume VI: Special topics in ocean protocols and appendices,
Description: , , ,
Author: Mueller, Clark, Kuwahara, Lazin, Brown, Fargion, Yarbrough, Feinholz, Flora, Broenkow, Kim, Johnson, Yuen, Strutton, Dickey, Abbott, Letelier, Lewis, McLean, Chavez, Barnard, Morrison, Subramaniam, Manov, Zheng, Harding Jr., Barnes, Lykke
Date: 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Simultaneous measurement of up-welling spectral radiance using a fiber-coupled CCD spectrograph,
Description: Determination of the water-leaving spectral radiance using in-water instrumentation requires measurements of the upwelling spectral radiance (L u) at several depths. If these measurements are separated in time, changes in the measurement conditions result in increased variance in the results. A prototype simultaneous multi-track system was developed to assess the potential reduction in the Type A uncertainty in single set, normalized water-leaving radiance achievable if the data were acquired simultaneously. The prototype system employed a spectrograph and multi-track fiber-coupled CCD-detector; in situ in-water tests were performed with the prototype system fiber-coupled to a small buoy. The experiments demonstrate the utility of multi-channel simultaneous data acquisition for in-water measurement applications. An example of the potential impact for tracking abrupt responsivity changes in satellite ocean color sensors using these types of instruments as well as for the satellite vicarious calibration is given., Cited By (since 1996):1, Oceanography, Art. No.: 66800J, CODEN: PSISD, ,
Author: Yarbrough, Flora, Feinholz, Houlihan, Kim, Brown, Johnson, Voss, Clark
Date: 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Holocene changes in the ecology of northern fur seals,
Description: The remains of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) are among the most abundant of pinniped elements recovered from mainland coastal archaeological sites in both California and Oregon. This is surprising as all contemporary northern fur seals breed exclusively on offshore islands, primarily at high latitudes, and the species is otherwise pelagic. The vulnerability of these animals to human predation suggests that either humans were foraging much further offshore than has been presumed or alternatively that the ecology of these animals has shifted during the late Holocene. We used isotopic and archaeofaunal analysis of the remains of pinnipeds from the middle to late Holocene of central and northern California to clarify the breeding and foraging behavior, and migration patterns of these ancient animals. The carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of ancient northern fur seals reveal that these animals fed as far offshore as they do today, and that they remained at middle latitudes throughout the year. From an archaeological site at Moss Landing, California, we identified 16 skeletal elements from at least 12 very small northern fur seal pups. From another site near Mendocino, California, we identified the remains of at least 6 pups. We estimate the size and age of 5 of the young animals using sex-specific regressions of body length on the short dentary length derived from measurements of modern specimens. Our estimates indicate these ancient pups were substantially smaller, and therefore younger, than modern 3-month-old northern fur seal pups from similar latitudes and their nitrogen isotope compositions suggest they had not been weaned. As present-day northern fur seals do not leave their rookeries until they are at least 4 months old, we consider it highly unlikely that these ancient pups swam to these mainland locations from some distant island rookery. While there are numerous nearshore rocky outcrops along the Mendocino Coast, which may have supported small breeding colonies, the Moss Landing site is centered on a 40-km-long sandy beach, and is more than 120 km from what at the time were the nearest offshore islands. We conclude that northern fur seal adult females, subadults, and pups whose remains were recovered at the Moss Landing archaeological site must have been taken at a mainland rookery. Evidence that northern fur seals once bred on the mainland at this central California location suggests that the abundant remains of these animals at numerous other archaeological sites along the California coast also reflect the presence of nearby mainland rookeries. Based on the relative abundance of their remains in ancient human occupation sites and the widespread distribution of sites where their remains have been found, it appears that northern fur seals were once the predominant pinniped throughout a region where they now only rarely occur. Furthermore, their presence along the central and northern California coasts appears to have once severely limited the distribution of other pinnipeds, which are now common to the region., Cited By (since 1996):39, CODEN: OECOB, ,
Author: Burton, Snodgrass, Gifford-Gonzalez, Guilderson, Brown, Koch
Date: 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Two sightings following release of rehabilitated harbor seals,
Description: , , ,
Author: Harvey, Brown, Mate
Date: 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Genetic substructure of the pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) off Washington, Oregon, and California
Description: Genetic substructure among groups of Pacific harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, along the western coast of the United States was investigated using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Blood and tissue samples were removed from 86 seals inhabiting Puget Sound and the Pacific coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. A 320 base-pair segment of the control region was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. These data indicated a high level of diversity. Thirty variable sites were found that define 47 mitochondrial haplotypes. Among groups of P. v. richardsi sampled, 5 haplotypes were shared, but most (42) were unique to a locality. Haplotypic frequency and an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed significant differences (P = 0.001) among regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated Puget Sound seals possess unique divergent lineages not found in seals from the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. These lineages may represent haplotypes from north of Washington, which is consistent with late reproductive timing of harbor seals from Puget Sound., Cited By (since 1996):19, CODEN: MMSCE, Marine Mammals, Birds & Turtles Harbor Seals
Author: Lamont, Vida, Harvey, Jeffries, Brown, Huber, Delong, Thomas
Date: 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment,
Description: The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide., Cited By (since 1996):316, Oceanography, CODEN: SCIEA, ,
Author: Coale, Johnson, Chavez, Buesseler, Barber, Brzezinski, Cochlan, Millero, Falkowski, Bauer, Wanninkhof, Kudela, Altabet, Hales, Takahashi, Landry, Bidigare, Wang, Chase, Strutton, Friederich, Gorbunov, Lance, Hilting, Hiscock, Demarest, Hiscock, Sullivan, Tanner, Gordon, Hunter, Elrod, Fitzwater, Jones, Tozzi, Koblizek, Roberts, Herndon, Brewster, Ladizinsky, Smith, Cooper, Timothy, Brown, Selph, Sheridan, Twining, Johnson
Date: 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Stray light correction algorithm for multichannel hyperspectral spectrographs,
Description: An algorithm is presented that corrects a multichannel fiber-coupled spectrograph for stray or scattered light within the system. The efficacy of the algorithm is evaluated based on a series of validation measurements of sources with different spectral distributions. This is the first application of a scattered-light correction algorithm to a multichannel hyperspectral spectrograph. The algorithm, based on characterization measurements using a tunable laser system, can be extended to correct for finite point-spread response in imaging systems. © 2012 Optical Society of America., Cited By (since 1996):1, Oceanography, CODEN: APOPA, ,
Author: Feinholz, Flora, Brown, Zong, Lykke, Yarbrough, Johnson, Clark
Date: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Methods of capturing, handling, and tagging harbor seals,
Description: , , ,
Author: Jeffries, Brown, Harvey
Date: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Abundance and distribution of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Oregon, 1975-1983,
Description: , , ,
Author: Harvey, Brown, Mate
Date: 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: An outbreak of probable leptospirosis in California sea lions along the Oregon coast during fall 1984,
Description: Cited By (since 1996):1, Export Date: 23 May 2014, , , ,
Author: Hodder, Harvey, Graybill, Brown, Ebberts
Date: 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: The feasibility and effectiveness of using an acoustic barrier to restrict the movements of seals into Netarts Bay, Oregon
Author: Harvey, Mate, Brown, Mate, Harvey
Date: 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Stray-light correction algorithm for spectrographs,
Description: In this paper, we describe an algorithm to correct a spectrograph's response for stray light. Two recursion relations are developed: one to correct the system response when measuring broad-band calibration sources, and a second to correct the response when measuring sources of unknown radiance. The algorithm requires a detailed understanding of the effect of stray light in the spectrograph on the instrument's response. Using tunable laser sources, a dual spectrograph instrument designed to measure the up-welling radiance in the ocean was characterized for stray light. A stray-light correction algorithm was developed, based on the results of these measurements. The instrument's response was corrected for stray light, and the effects on measured up-welling in-water radiance were evaluated., Cited By (since 1996):27, Oceanography, CODEN: MTRGA, ,
Author: Brown, Johnson, Feinholz, Yarbrough, Flora, Lykke, Clark
Date: 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z