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Title: The development of a new optical total suspended matter algorithm for the Chesapeake Bay,
Description: Sediment loading is one of the primary threats to the health of the Chesapeake Bay. We have developed a high resolution (250m) ocean color satellite tool to monitor sediment concentrations in the Bay. In situ optical and sediment sampling is used to develop a total suspended matter (TSM) algorithm for the Chesapeake Bay. The Coastal Optical Characterization Experiment (COCE) is part of an ongoing effort to optically characterize processes and to develop regional remote sensing ocean color algorithms in the coastal waters. The goal is to characterize sediment concentrations and to develop a tool to track plumes cascading down the Bay following heavy rainfall events. Background TSM concentrations in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed can also be characterized. The plumes can have potentially devastating effects on the Chesapeake Bay's fragile ecosystem by increasing nutrient loads, depositing sediments, and decreasing salinity and light levels. Sampling took place throughout 2006 to 2008 in the upper and mid portions of the Chesapeake Bay. Measurements of TSM, chlorophyll a (Chl), and hyperspectral optics were collected. The optical measurements included above water surface irradiance (E s(λ)), in-water downwelling irradiance (E d(λ)) and in-water upwelling radiance (L u(λ)). These optical data were used to analyze the performance and utility of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Band 1 (645nm) for use as a TSM monitoring tool. From the optical measurements we have derived a 3rd order polynomial regression of TSM to normalized water-leaving radiance (r 2=0.79) to form an algorithm that quantitatively relates TSM to the MODIS 250m resolution band 1 (645nm). The algorithm performance was validated (a mean percent difference of -4.2%) against 270 total suspended solids samples collected by the Chesapeake Bay Program during routine water quality monitoring of the Chesapeake Bay environment. The TSM algorithm tool is then used to demonstrate monitoring of significant runoff events that occurred in June, 2006 and March, 2008. In addition, the utility of the Chesapeake Bay TSM product is demonstrated by describing regional and seasonal variations in sediment concentrations throughout the Chesapeake Bay for 2009. Mean concentrations ranged from 11.55mg/l in the upper Chesapeake Bay winter season to 6.37mg/l in the middle Chesapeake Bay spring season. These remote sensing tools can be valuable instruments in the detection and tracking of runoff events and background concentration for monitoring the health and recovery of the Chesapeake Bay. © 2012., Cited By (since 1996):7, CODEN: RSEEA, , , Oceanography
Author: Ondrusek, Stengel, Kinkade, Vogel, Keegstra, Hunter, Kim
Date: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Book review: Connell, S.D. and Gillanders, B.M., Marine Ecology,
Description: , , ,
Author: Foster

Title: Age and growth determination of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica Gill, in central California,
Description: , , ,
Author: Martin, Cailliet
Date: 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Seawater recharge into oceanic crust: IODP Exp 327 Site U1363 Grizzly Bare outcrop,
Description: Systematic differences in sediment thermal and pore water chemical profiles from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1363 document mixing and reaction within the basaltic crust adjacent to Grizzly Bare outcrop, a site of hydrothermal recharge into 3.6 My-old basaltic crust. A transect of seven holes was drilled ∼50 m to ∼750 m away from the base of the outcrop. Temperatures at the sediment-basement interface increase from ∼6°C to >30°C with increasing distance from the outcrop, and heat flow is suppressed within several hundred meters from the outcrop. Calculated fluid compositions at the sediment-basement interface are generally explained by mixing between bottom seawater and altered crustal basement fluids, with a composition similar but not identical to fluids from seeps at Baby Bare outcrop, located ∼45 km to the northeast. Reactions within upper basement and overlying sediment affect a variety of ions (Mn, Fe, Mo, Si, PO4 3-, V, and U) and δ13DIC, indicating a diagenetic influence and diffusive exchange with overlying sediment pore waters. The apparent 14C age of basal pore fluids is much older than bottom seawater. Collectively, these results are consistent with seawater recharge at Grizzly Bare outcrop; however, there are strong gradients in fluid composition within 50 m of the outcrop, providing evidence for complex flow paths and vigorous mixing of young, recently recharged seawater with much older, more reacted basement fluid. The proximity of these altered fluids to the edge of the outcrop raises the possibility for fluid seepage from the outcrop in addition to seawater recharge. ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., Oceanography, , , Downloaded from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ggge.20131/pdf (16 June 2014).
Author: Wheat, Hulme, Fisher, Orcutt, Becker
Date: 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part I: PCBs in surface and deep-sea dwelling fish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California),
Description: The understanding of the global environmental multiphase distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as a result of the physico-chemical properties of the respective compounds is well established. We have analysed the results of a vertical transport of POPs from upper water layers (0-200 m) to the deepwater region (>800 m) in terms of the contamination of the biophase in both water layers. The contents of persistent organochlorine compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish living in the upper water layers of the North Atlantic and the South Atlantic, and at the continental shelf of California (Marine Sanctuary Monterey Bay and its deep- sea Canyon) are compared to the levels in deep-sea or bottom dwelling fish within the same geographic area. The deep-sea biota show significantly higher burdens as compared to surface-living species of the same region. There are also indications for recycling processes of POPs - in this case the PCBs - in the biophase of the abyss as well. It can be concluded that the bio- and geo phase of the deep-sea may act similarly as the upper horizons of forest and grasslands on the continents as an ultimate global sink for POPs in the marine environment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd., Cited By (since 1996):56, Ecology, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: CMSHA, ,
Author: Froescheis, Looser, Cailliet, Jarman, Ballschmiter
Date: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: High-resolution surveys of internal tidal waves in Monterey Bay, California, using an autonomous underwater vehicle,
Description: Temperature measured at the Monterey Inner Shelf Observatory (MISO) in southern Monterey Bay reveals frequent solitons and semidiurnal internal tidal bores (ITBs). A field study was undertaken to determine whether these features originate offshore and propagate shoreward over the continental shelf, and to characterize their evolution as they propagate. We developed a new survey method of using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to tightly track the thermocline along a 4.5 km transect, repeated 18 times over 18 hours, thereby measuring the internal-wave induced isotherm displacement at very high resolution. AUV measurements were compared with measurements at MISO, which is closer to shore. Internal waves of various scales were captured. An ITB of amplitude greater than 20 m propagating shoreward from the outer bay was the dominant feature. Rapid changes in stratification, possibly due to horizontal advection, were also observed. Technical challenges, advantages, and future improvements of this new AUV survey method are discussed. This study demonstrates that AUVs are efficient tools for surveying internal tidal waves., Cited By (since 1996):3, ,
Author: Cazenave, Zhang, McPhee-Shaw, Bellingham, Stanton
Date: 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Effects of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc enrichments on productivity and biomass in the subarctic Pacific,
Description: Natural plankton populations from subarctic Pacific surface waters were incubated in 7-d experiments with added concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Small additions of metals (0.89 nM Fe, 1.8 nM Mn, 3.9 nM Cu, and 0.75 nM Zn) were used to simulate natural perturbations in metal concentrations potentially experienced by marine plankton. Although the controls indicated little growth, increases in phytoplankton productivity, Chl a, and cell densities were dramatic after addition of 0.89 nM Fe, indicating that it may limit the rates of algal production in these waters. Similar increases were observed in experiments with 3.9 nM Cu added. The Cu effect is attributed to a decrease in the grazing activities of the microzooplankton (ciliates) and increases in the rates of production. Mn enrichment had its greatest effect on diatom biomass, whereas Zn enrichment had its greatest effect on other autofluorescent organisms. Natural systems may be affected as follows: natural levels of Fe and Cu may influence phytoplankton productivity and trophic structure in open-ocean, high-nutrient, low-biomass systems; rates of net production are not limited by one micronutrient alone. -from Author, , , ,
Author: Coale
Date: 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Growth rate and potential climate record from a rhodolith using 14C accelerator mass spectrometry,
Description: , , , Rhodoliths, free-living calcareous red algae, create large and diverse habitats worldwide. Although these plants are abundant and ecologically important, little is known about their growth rate. We determined the growth rate for an individual rhodolith, Lithothamnium crassiusculum, from the southern Gulf of California through 14C analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to be 0.6 mm yr21. This growth rate suggests large L. crassiusculum, which have been found with radii in excess of 6 cm, may live over 100 yr. Declines in the D14C record associated with the large El Nin˜o events of 1957, 1982, and 1992 indicate 14C analysis may lead to identification of important climate events in the more distant past. The ability to determine changes in past ocean circulation related to changes in past climatic conditions through AMS 14C analysis of rhodoliths would increase the geographic range of available climate records from the tropical oceans to the entire global ocean and potentially allow for the determination of past climate conditions from rhodoliths in fossil beds., ,
Author: Frantz, Kashgarian, Coale, Foster
Date: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: The feeding habits of Pleurobranchaea californica: MacFarland, 1966 (Opisthobranchia Notaspidea) in Monterey Bay, California,
Description: The natural diet of Pleurobranchaea californica was studied in Monterey Bay, California. Specimens were collected from 29 January to 9 November 1992, at depths of 30-100 m using an otter trawl and an interfacial trawl. Three hundred fifty-six individuals were collected and ranged in size from 0.01-411 g with most of the individuals weighing between 1.0 and 50 g. The gut contents were examined and 16 different taxa were identified. Thirty-three percent of the guts were empty. Many animals had sediment in their guts, which was presumed to be a result of their ingesting or attempting to ingest prey. Pleurobranchaea californica was found to be a euryphagic predator with pronounced cannibalism. Individual Index of Relative Importance values showed that opisthobranchs made up the largest portion of the diet. The opisthobranchs in the diet included Pleurobranchaea californica (as prey), Armina californica, and Aglaja sp. The diets were similar for specimens of P. californica collected at all depths, but did change depending upon the season in which the animals were collected., Cited By (since 1996):4, Invertebrates, ,
Author: Battle, Nybakken
Date: 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Trophic spectrum analysis of fishes in Elkhorn Slough and nearby waters
Author: Cailliet, Antrim, Ambrose, Lipovsky, Simenstad
Date: 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Downward flux of particulate organic matter in the Ocean,
Description: Oceanographers now recognize two distinct classes of particles in seawater, broadly categorized as suspended and sinking. The former class dominates the standing stock of particulate matter in the ocean and the latter class dominates the exchange between the surface waters and greater ocean depths 1. The downward vertical flux of particulate organic matter (POM) in the open ocean exhibits a non-linear decrease with increasing water depth 2-6, and greater than 75% of the net POM loss occurs in the upper 500 m of the water column 6. Because sinking particles contain viable, metabolically active microorganisms 7-12, the process of microbial decomposition is considered to be an important mechanism controlling POM flux. This model is consistent with the observed correspondence between POM flux and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations 13, and with the reported selective loss of biochemically labile compounds from sinking particles 14-17. From our experiments, however, we conclude that the large sinking particles are, in general, poor habitats for bacterial growth and therefore unlikely sites for the active remineralization of organic matter. Our results require a shift in the emphasis of current ideas of particle decomposition from microbes attached to rapidly sinking particles to the microbial populations which are either free-living in the water column or attached to suspended (non-sinking) particulate matter. © 1988 Nature Publishing Group., Cited By (since 1996):108, Oceanography, ,
Author: Karl, Knauer, Martin
Date: 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Evolution of Macrocystis spp. (Phaeophyceae) as determined by ITS1 and ITS2 sequences
Description: Macrocystis (Lessoniaceae) displays an antitropical distribution, occurring in temperate subtidal regions along western North America in the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere. We used the noncoding rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) to examine relatedness among (1) Macrocystis and several genera of Laminariales, (2) four species of Macrocystis (M. integrifolia Bory from the northern hemisphere, M. angustifolia Bory and M. laevis Hay from the southern hemisphere, and M. pyrifera [L.] C. Ag. from both hemispheres), and (3) multiple clones of several individuals. Of the taxa included in our phylogenetic analysis, the elk kelp, Pelagophycus porra (Lem.) Setch., was the sister taxon to Macrocystis spp. Macrocystis individuals from the southern hemisphere (representing three species) formed a strongly to moderately supported clade, respectively, when the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were analyzed separately. No distinction was detected between the two species in the northern hemisphere. Thus, Macrocystis may be a monospecific genus (M. pyrifera). A northern-hemisphere-to-southern-hemisphere pattern of dispersal was inferred, because northern-hemisphere individuals were more diverse and displayed paraphyletic clades, whereas southern-hemisphere individuals were less diverse and formed a monophyletic clade. High intraindividual variation in ITS1 sequences was observed in one individual from Santa Catalina Island (CA), suggesting very recent and rapid mixing of genotypes from areas to the north and Baja California (Mexico) or introgressive hybridization with Pelagophycus., Cited By (since 1996):67, Seaweeds, CODEN: JPYLA
Author: Coyer, Smith, Andersen
Date: 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Stray light correction of the marine optical system,
Description: The Marine Optical System is a spectrograph-based sensor used on the Marine Optical Buoy for the vicarious calibration of ocean color satellite sensors. It is also deployed from ships in instruments used to develop bio-optical algorithms that relate the optical properties of the ocean to its biological content. In this work, an algorithm is applied to correct the response of the Marine Optical System for scattered, or improperly imaged, light in the system. The algorithm, based on the measured response of the system to a series of monochromatic excitation sources, reduces the effects of scattered light on the measured source by one to two orders of magnitude. Implications for the vicarious calibration of satellite ocean color sensors and the development of bio-optical algorithms are described. The algorithm is a one-dimensional point spread correction algorithm, generally applicable to nonimaging sensors, but can in principle be extended to higher dimensions for imaging systems. © 2009 American Meteorological Society., Cited By (since 1996):6, Oceanography, CODEN: JAOTE, , , Downloaded from: journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.../2008JTECHO597.1 (16 June 2014).
Author: Feinholz, Flora, Yarbrough, Lykke, Brown, Johnson, Clark
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Marine mammal occurrence and ocean climate off central California, 1986 to 1994 and 1997 to 1999,
Description: The California Current System (CCS), a highly variable eastern boundary system, supports a rich marine mammal fauna. Variation in local coastal upwelling, coupled with larger scale processes (El Niño/La Niña) affects the productivity and distribution of marine species at all trophic levels. Herein, we present an analysis of the occurrence patterns of marine mammals in the central CCS and relate these patterns to changing ocean climate and prey availability. Data on marine mammal distributions, ocean conditions, and prey availability were collected in waters overlying the continental shelf and slope from Bodega to Monterey Bays, from 1986 to 1994 and 1997 to 1999. Occurrence patterns were investigated using geographical information system (GIS), percent similarity index (PSI), multiple logistic regression, and principal component analyses. Spatial patterns of the most frequently sighted species (California sea lion Zalophus californianus, northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus, Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhyncus obliquidens, Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli, harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena, and humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae) were related to bathymetry and changing ocean climate, and were likely to have been mediated by changes in prey availability. Temporal changes were related to migration and significant differences in ocean structure resulting from both local and large-scale processes., Cited By (since 1996):21, CODEN: MESED, , , Downloaded from:www.int-res.com/articles/meps2005/289/m289p285.pdf (9 June 2014).
Author: Keiper, Ainley, Allen, Harvey
Date: 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Macrofaunal abundance and composition on the West Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf,
Description: To assess the impact and fate of the summer phytoplankton bloom on Antarctic benthos, we evaluated temporal and spatial patterns in macrofaunal abundance and taxonomic composition along a transect crossing the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) continental shelf. As part of the FOODBANCS project, we sampled three sites at 550-625 m depths during five cruises occurring in November 1999, February-March 2000, June 2000, October 2000 and March 2001. We used a combination of megacore and box-core samplers to take 81 samples, and collected over 30,000 macrofaunal individuals, one of the largest sampling efforts on the Antarctic shelf to date. Comparison of the two sampling methodologies (box core and megacore) indicates similar macrofaunal densities, but with significant differences in taxonomic composition, a reflection of the different spatial scales of sampling. Macrofaunal abundances on the WAP shelf were relatively high compared to other Antarctic shelf settings. At two of the three sampling sites, macrofaunal abundance remained constant throughout the year, which is consistent with the presence of a sediment 'food bank'. Differences were observed in taxonomic composition at the site closest to the coast (Station A), driven by higher abundances of sub-surface-deposit feeders. A significant temporal response was observed in the ampharetid polychaetes at Station A, with an abundance peak in the late fall post-bloom period; this may have resulted from juvenile recruitment during the summer bloom. Familial composition of macrofaunal polychaetes on the WAP shelf is more closely related to deep-sea abyssal fauna than to other shelf regions, and we hypothesize that this is a result of both local ecological conditions (low temperatures) and a reflection of historical processes such as extinctions on the Antarctic shelf during previous glacial maxima followed by recolonization from the deep sea. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Cited By (since 1996):4, Invertebrates, Antarctica, CODEN: DSROE, ,
Author: Glover, Smith, Mincks, Sumida, Thurber
Date: 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Expressions of 1976-1977 and 1988-1989 regime shifts in sea-surface temperature off Southern California and Hawai'i,
Description: Sea-surface temperatures off southern California from Scripps Pier and from Koko Head, Hawai'i, were examined to determine what impact regime shifts that occurred in 1976-1977 and 1988-1989 had on environmental conditions at each location. Cumulative sums were employed to enhance the detection process. The cumulative sum time histories revealed major turning points at both locations at the time of the 1976-1977 event. At both locations, increases in temperature were indicated, consistent with the phase change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that took place at that time. The cumulative sums also indicated major turning points at both locations during the 1988-1989 event. A new procedure called the method of expanding means was employed to determine the long-term impact of these events. By comparing means before and after a given event it is possible to observe the magnitude of the change and to what extent it is sustained. For the 1976-1977 regime shift, temperatures increased rapidly and remained consistently higher, by ∼1°C for 2-3 yr at Scripps Pier. This increase occurred over a period of approximately 7 months and accounts for more than half of the total warming that has occurred at that location since 1920. At Koko Head, a similar response was observed with a sustained increase of approximately +0.5°C. The oceanic response to the 1988-1989 event was quite different. At Scripps Pier, temperatures before and after this event did not show any tendency to converge to significantly different values out to periods of 2-3 yr. At Koko Head, mean temperatures did converge to slightly different values after 1 yr, with mean values being consistently lower after this event (∼-0.4°C). It was shown that in some cases changes associated with these events could be identified in the original data, but without the help of cumulative sums, it is usually not possible to make a clear distinction between changes of interest and other sources of variability. Finally, decorrelation time scales for the records at both locations were estimated and found to be on the order of a year, implying spatial scales that are at least synoptic (tens to hundreds of kilometers)., Cited By (since 1996):1, ,
Author: Breaker, Flora
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: DSDP leg 55-the cold war and a test of the Hawaiian hot spot hypothesis,
Description: , , ,
Author: Greene

Title: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues of wild and captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) off the California coast
Description: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of serum, red blood cells (RBC), muscle, and blubber were measured in captive and wild northeast Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) at three coastal California sites (San Francisco Bay, Tomales Bay, and Channel Islands). Trophic discrimination factors (ΔTissue-Diet) were calculated for captive seals and then applied in wild counterparts in each habitat to estimate trophic position and feeding behavior. Trophic discrimination factors for δ15N of serum (+3.8‰), lipid-extracted muscle (+1.6‰), and lipid-blubber (+6.5‰) are proposed to determine trophic position. An offset between RBC and serum of +0.3‰ for δ13C and -0.6‰ for δ15N was observed, which is consistent with previous research. Specifically, weaner seals (<1 yr) had large offsets, suggesting strong trophic position shifts during this life stage. Isotopic values indicated an average trophic position of 3.6 at both San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay and 4.2 at Channel Islands. Isotopic means were strongly dependent on age class and also suggested that mean diet composition varies considerably between all locations. Together, these data indicate that isotopic composition of blood fractions can be an effective approach to estimate trophic position and dietary behavior in wild pinnipeds. © 2011 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy., Cited By (since 1996):1, Marine Mammals, Birds & Turtles, CODEN: MMSCE
Author: Germain, McCarthy, Koch, Harvey

Title: Transport makes the difference,
Description: , CODEN: JPYLA, , ,
Author: Smith
Date: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Helminth parasites of the southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis in central California,
Description: From October 1997 to May 2001, the gastrointestinal tracts from 162 beach-cast southern sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis were examined for helminth parasites and associated lesions. Carcasses were collected opportunistically in central California between Pt. San Pedro and Pt. Arguello. The primary goals of this study were to examine spatial and temporal variability in mortality due to parasite infection, identify factors associated with increased risk of infection, and illustrate the process of intestinal perforation by Profilicollis spp. Two genera and 4 species of acanthocephalans (Profilicollis altmani, P. kenti, P. major, Corynosoma enhydri) were found in 46.3% (Profilicollis spp.) and 94.4% (C. enhydri) of the carcasses examined. Three species of Digenea (Microphallus pirum, M. nicolli, Plenosoma minimum) were found in 47% of carcasses, at times in massive numbers (>3000 per cm2). This is the first report of the latter 2 species from the sea otter. Mortality resulting from infection by Profilicollis spp. occurred in 13.0% (n = 21) of sampled carcasses, either directly, due to perforation of the intestinal wall and peritonitis (9.9%, n = 16), or indirectly, due to inhibition of host nutrient uptake or depletion of host energy reserves to fight chronic infections (3.1%, n = 5). The most massive infections (<8760 parasites), and all cases of intestinal perforation occurred in carcasses infected by P. altmani and/or P. kenti. Mortality due to infection by Profilicollis spp. occurred more frequently among juvenile and old-adult females (χ2 = 17.479, df = 9, p = 0.045) from sand and mixed habitats in Monterey and Santa Cruz in the north of the sea otter range (χ2 = 9.84, df = 4, p = 0.045). Spatial differences in sea otter mortality coincided with the relative distributions of Profilicollis altmani, P. kenti, and P. major, and may reflect differences in sea otter diet, or differences in intensity of infection in intermediate hosts. Mortality rate due to infection by Profilicollis spp. decreased between 1998 and 2001, though differences were not significant (χ2 = 3.983, df = 3, p = 0.40), and may vary on multi-year cycles due to environmental factors such as density of definitive hosts (e.g. the surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata), or El Niño. Corynosoma enhydri did not cause significant damage to the intestine of the host, even when present in great numbers., Cited By (since 1996):9, CODEN: DAORE, , , Downloaded from: www.int-res.com/articles/dao2003/53/d053p077.pdf (9 June 2014).,
Author: Mayer, Dailey, Miller
Date: 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: System of quasi-zonal jets off California revealed from satellite altimetry,
Description: A discrete wavelet transform was applied to satellite altimetry data for the period 1992-2007 off California to decompose the SSH signal into inter-annual, annual, semiannual and shorter period components. For the lowest frequency (inter-annual) component, a system of alternating quasi-zonal jets was detected. The jet system was delineated by a north-south series of quasi-zonal bands of co-rotating eddies; that is, the eddies were embedded in a shearing zonal flow. The direction of eddy rotation alternated between adjacent bands. The temporal behavior of the jet system showed the existence of quasi-stationary states and transitions between them. Observed non-linear effects of the evolution of the jets included southward drift at about 0.2 cm sec -1, deviations of the jets from the zonal direction, and re-forming of the jet system through decay and merging of eddy chains. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union., Cited By (since 1996):6, Oceanography, Art. No.: L03609, CODEN: GPRLA, , , Downloaded from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008GL036327/pdf (16 June 2014).
Author: Ivanov, Collins, Margolina
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Movements and population structure of humpback whales in the North Pacific,
Description: Despite the extensive of photographic identification methods to investigate humpback whales in the North Pacific, few quantitative analyses have been conducted. We report on a comprehensive analysis of interchange in the North Pacific among three wintering regions (Mexico, Hawaii, and Japan) each with two to three subareas, and feeding areas that extended from southern California to the Aleutian Islands. Of the 6,413 identification photographs of humpback whales obtained by 16 independent research groups between 1990 and 1993 and examined for this study, 3,650 photographs were determined to be of suitable quality. A total of 1,241 matches was found by two independent matching teams, identifying 2,712 unique whales in the sample (seen one to five times). Site fidelity was greatest at feeding areas where there was a high rate of resightings in the same area in different years and a low rate of interchange among different areas. Migrations between winter regions and feeding areas did not follow a simple pattern, although highest march rates were found for whales that moved between Hawaii and southeastern Alaska, and between mainland and Baja Mexico and California. Interchange among subareas of the three primary wintering regions was extensive for Hawaii, variable (depending on subareas) for Mexico, and low for Japan and reflected the relative distances among subareas. Interchange among these primary wintering regions was rare. This study provides the first quantitative assessment of the migratory structure of humpback whales in the entire North Pacific basin., Cited By (since 1996):60, CODEN: MMSCE, ,
Author: Calambokidis, Steiger, Straley, Herman, Cerchio, Salden, Jorge Urbán, Jacobsen, Von Ziegesar, Balcomb, Gabriele, Dahlheim, Uchida, Ellis, Mlyamura, Ladrón De Guevara, Yamaguchi, Sato, Mizroch, Schlender, Rasmussen, Barlow, Quinn Ii
Date: 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Copper complexation in the Northeast Pacific,
Description: Copper titrations were conducted at sea with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to examine the degree to which copper was associated with organic ligands. Greater than 99.7% of the total dissolved copper in surface waters of the central Northeast Pacific shallower than 200 m was estimated to be associated with strong organic complexes. Below 200 m, increasing proportions of inorganic or labile copper species were observed. At middepths (1000 m), about 50-70% of the total dissolved copper was in the organically complexed form. Whereas total copper varies by a factor of only three from the surface to middepths (0.6-1.8 nM), copper complexation gives rise to extremely low cupric ion activities in surface waters ({Cu2+} = 1.4 × 10-4 M) and higher values at middepth ({Cu2+} = 10-11 M) -a variation of three orders of magnitude., Cited By (since 1996):208 Oceanography, ,
Author: Coale, Bruland
Date: 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Spectrophotometric determination of dissolved manganese in natural waters with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol: Application to analysis in situ in hydrothermal plumes,
Description: A spectrophotometric method using the complexing reagent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) was developed for the determination of dissolved manganese in seawater. A detection limit of approximately 22 nM was obtained when the analyses were performed in situ with a submersible chemical analyzer (Scanner). Color formation was rapid (less than 1 s), which permitted the technique to be used in flow injection and continuous flow systems. An investigation of possible interferences revealed that the only significant interferent to manganese determinations in seawater (hydrothermal plumes) was iron. The iron-specific chelating agent desferrioxamine B was used to mask this interference. Temperature and pressure did not adversely affect the sensitivity of the technique, which made it amenable to applications in situ to depths of 3000 m. This method was tested by measuring dissolved manganese concentrations in situ in submarine hydrothermal plumes using a Scanner. Scanner deployments over the Juan de Fuca Ridge produced the first near real time analyses of manganese from a hydrothermal plume environment. Estuarine samples have also been successfully analyzed in the laboratory and the results confirmed by an independent method. © 1992., Cited By (since 1996):22, Oceanography, CODEN: MRCHB, ,
Author: Chin, Johnson, Coale
Date: 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Biomass and production of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the oceanic subarctic Pacific,
Description: As part of the Subarctic Pacific Ecosystem Research (SUPER) program, we measured the abundance and biomass production of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the subarctic Pacific and compared these parameters with those of phytoplankton during four cruises in 1987 and 1988. Bacterial biomass was about equal to phytoplankton biomass during all cruises. Based on rates of bacterial biomass production and assuming a growth efficiency of 50%, we estimate that heterotrophic bacteria consumed 10% (June 1987) to 24% (August 1988) of primary production in the euphotic zone. These percentages are low compared with other aquatic ecosystems, apparently due to low bacterial growth rates (<0.1 day-1) iin the subarctic Pacific. In contrast, phytoplankton growth rates were much higher (0.1-8.8 day-1). Bacterial growth rates were limited by the supply of dissolved organic matter and temperature. Even with these low growth rates, however, bacterial biomass and rates of biomass production increased by 2-5-fold in May and August 1988, changes that were not obviously related to corresponding changes in phytoplankton biomass nor primary production. Heterotrophic bacterioplankton constitutes a large reservoir of carbon and nitrogen that needs to be considered in modelling ecosystem dynamics of the subarctic Pacific. © 1993., Cited By (since 1996):101, Oceanography, CODEN: DRORE, ,
Author: Kirchman, Keel, Simon, Welschmeyer
Date: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z

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